Slideshow/ PUNISHMENT TO THE MOVEMENT

DEFINITIONS

Punishment

Punishment is the practice of imposing something unpleasant or aversive on a person or animal in response to an unwanted, disobedient or morally wrong behavior.

Etymology

The word is the abstract substantivation of the verb to punish, which is recorded in English since 1340, deriving from Old French puniss-, an extended form of the stem of punir "to punish," from Latin punire "inflict a penalty on, cause pain for some offense," earlier poenire, from poena "penalty, punishment".
Colloquial use of to punish for "to inflict heavy damage or loss" is first recorded in 1801, originally in boxing; for punishing as "hard-hitting" is from 1811.

Definitions

In common usage, the word "punishment" might be described as "an authorized imposition of deprivations — of freedom or privacy or other goods to which the person otherwise has a right, or the imposition of special burdens — because the person has been found guilty of some criminal violation, typically (though not invariably) involving harm to the innocent." (according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).
The most common applications are in legal and similarly 'regulated' contexts, being the infliction of some kind of pain or loss upon a person for a misdeed, i.e. for transgressing a law or command (including prohibitions) given by some authority (such as an educator, employer or supervisor, public or private official).

In psychology

Main article: Punishment (psychology)
In the field of psychology punishment has a more restrictive and technical definition. In this field, punishment is the reduction of a behavior via a stimulus which is applied ("positive punishment") or removed ("negative punishment"). Making an offending student lose recess or play privileges are examples of negative punishment, while extra chores or spanking are examples of positive punishment. The definition requires that punishment is only determined after the fact by the reduction in behavior; if the offending behavior of the subject does not decrease then it is not considered punishment. There is some conflation of punishment and aversives, though an aversive that does not decrease behavior is not considered punishment.

Scope of application

The person who undergoes punishment may, depending on the context, be called punishee, client (as in psychology), or, more from the viewpoint of the discipliner, offender, culprit, bottom in BDSM etc.
Most often, criminals are punished judicially, by fines, corporal punishment or custodial sentences such as prison; detainees risk further punishments for breaches of internal rules.
Children, pupils and other trainees are also punished by their educators or instructors (mainly parents, guardians, or teachers, tutors and coaches). The same used to apply to wives and unmarried daughters as they were not legally emancipated from 'paternal' (or succeeding marital) discipline.
Slaves, domestic and other servants used to be punishable by their masters; in fact, even modern employees can still be subject to a contractual form of fine or demotion.
Most hierarchical organizations, such as military and police forces, or even churches, still apply quite rigid internal discipline, even with a judicial system of their own (court martial, canonical courts).
Punishment may also be applied on moral, especially religious, grounds, as in penance (which is voluntary) or imposed in a theocracy with a religious police (as in a strict Islamic state like Iran or under the Taliban) or (though not a true theocracy) by Inquisition.
In a wider sense, often termed penalty, punishments can be incurred for infringing the rules of a game, as in sports, hazing (e.g., in paddle games) etcetera. These include:
Being sent off or sent to the bench ("sin bin"—time in sin-bin varies from game to game: 45 seconds in water polo, 2–10 minutes in ice hockey, 10 minutes in rugby, etc.), or even barred from playing for the whole match or even longer (as with red cards in soccer)
Collective punishments, which don't only effect the offender but the whole team, such as penalty points, a shot at the goal for the opponent side, not being allowed to replace a player sent to the bench.

La obra aborda la práctica del castigo como una forma de relación de poder sobre el cuerpo y sobre su facultad de moverse.

El castigo, que ha pasado de ser un arte de las sensaciones insoportables a una economía de derechos suspendidos. Un ejército entero de técnicos ha venido a relevar al verdugo, anatomista inmediato del sufrimiento: los vigilantes, los médicos, los capellanes, los psiquiatras, los psicólogos, los educadores. El castigo ha dejado de ser un espectáculo, para convertirse en un sistema de ortopedia social, que ya no busca torturar el cuerpo sino corregir y reformar el alma.

¿De dónde viene la extraña práctica y el curioso proyecto de encerrar para corregir? Limitar el movimiento para neutralizar y modificar. Hemos desarrollado un conjunto de procedimientos para dividir en zonas, controlar, medir, encauzar a los individuos y hacerlos a la vez ‘dóciles y útiles”. Vigilancia, ejercicios, maniobras, calificaciones, rangos, lugares, clasificaciones, exámenes, registros, una manera de someter los cuerpos, de dominar las multiplicidades humanas y de manipular sus fuerzas, se ha desarrollado en el curso de los siglos en los hospitales, el ejército, las escuelas.

Libertad vigilada: filas, celdas, líneas, áreas, fronteras, muros que dividen y controlan a los inadaptados, criminales, peligrosos o diferentes.

Un mundo donde lo natural es emigrar, viajar, trasladarse, donde muchas especies animales son migrantes que se desplazan de un área a otra en busca de las condiciones que favorezcan la supervivencia. Sin embargo, en la especie humana, los hombres y mujeres migrantes son castigados, deportados, perseguidos, si se mueven a espacios “ajenos”, “cerrados”.

La relación castigo-cuerpo se manifiesta en un sistema de coacciones, prohibiciones, obligaciones, privaciones. El cuerpo está imbuido de relaciones de poder y dominación. Lo cercan, lo marcan, lo doman, lo fuerzan a unos trabajos, lo obligan a unas ceremonias, exigen de él unos signos. ¿Existe una economía política del cuerpo que sólo lo considera una fuerza útil cuando es a la vez cuerpo productivo y cuerpo sometido?